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A short-term toxicity study after 7 days oral daily administration of yessotoxin (YTX; 2 mg/kg/day), homoYTX (1 mg/kg/day), 45-hydroxy-homoYTX (1 mg/kg/day) and of the main diarrhoetic shellfish toxin okadaic acid (OA; 1 mg/kg/day) was carried out in mice. Symptoms, lethality, food consumption, body and organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology of the main organs and tissues, leukocytes formula...
Previous work has shown that the crude venom of Parawixia bistriata induces convulsive seizures in rats after intracerebroventricular injection. In this work, the isolation of a bioactive fraction with ultraviolet absorption characteristics of nucleic acid and trace protein or amino acid content is described. NMR analysis demonstrated that the major component of the active fraction is the nucleoside...
This study was aimed to determine the role of nitric oxide on the skeletal myotoxic activity induced by crotoxin, the major component of the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. Rats were treated with N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase or vehicle for 4 days, and on the 5th day received an intramuscular injection of crotoxin into...
The objective of this investigation was to purify and characterize polypeptides from the venom ducts of the turrid snails Polystira albida and Gemmula periscelida (superfamily: Conoidea, family: Turridae), collected in Mexican waters. Venoms of other groups in the superfamily (family: Conidae, genus: Conus) have peptide toxins ('conotoxins'), but no venom components have been characterized from any...
Microcystins are naturally occurring hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by some toxic freshwater cyanobacterial species. In this study, crude extract of toxic cyanobacterial blooms from Dianchi Lake in southwestern China was used to determine the effects of microcystins on rape (Brassica napus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent...
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a common cause of food poisoning and toxic shock. A safe and effective vaccine is needed to protect against the superantigenic effects of this toxin. We previously constructed and produced an apparently nontoxic SEB mutant having four histidine-to-tyrosine substitutions in positions 12, 32, 105, and 121. In the present study, we found that this H1.2.3.4 SEB mutant...
Vipera lebetina is one of the most venomous snakes on the Iran plateau. Serious clinical problems such as edema, hemorrhage and tissue necrosis are observed in humans following V. lebetina envenomating. However, little information on the pharmacological properties of the venom is available. To determine haemodynamic actions of the venom of V. lebetina, the changes in the mean arterial blood pressure...
A number of neurotoxins from venoms of invertebrates and plants are ligands for voltage-gated Na + channels and are useful tools for studying Na + channel function and structure. Using whole-cell recordings from vagal afferent nodose neurons, we studied neurotoxins that target Na + channels. We asked whether Ts3 (an α-scorpion toxin) and/or veratridine (a lipid-soluble toxin),...
Brevetoxin (PbTx) metabolism was examined in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) following exposure to a Karenia brevis red tide, by using LC/MS(/MS) and cytotoxicity assay. Metabolites observed in field-exposed oysters were confirmed in oysters exposed to K. brevis cultures in the laboratory. Previously, we identified a cysteine conjugate and its sulfoxide (MH + : m/z 1018 and 1034)...
Nitrogen (N) supply in pulses was simulated by exposing Alexandrium tamarense which was acclimatized at low N concentration (6μM-N) to sudden increase in concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and urea, and the variability in toxicity due to nutrient status of A. tamarense was examined. The toxin composition did not vary dramatically among the three N sources, however, ammonium induced the highest concentration...
BmTX3 is a toxin recently characterised from the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karch, which specifically blocks a transient A-type K + current in striatum neurons in culture and binds to rat brain synaptosomes with high affinity. With Aa1 and AmmTX3, it belongs to the new α-KTx15 subfamily from 'short-chain' scorpion toxins, which specifically block different types of K ...
The peptidomimetic hydroxamate metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) was assessed for its ability to neutralize the systemic effects (lethality, hemorrhage and coagulopathy) induced by the venom of Bothrops asper, the most important snake from a medical standpoint in Central America. Batimastat inhibited lethality when a venom challenge dose of two LD 50 s was used by intraperitoneal...
The molecular structures of the three main haemolytic compounds (Fj1, Fj2 and Fj3) isolated from the ichthyotoxic microalgal species Fibrocapsa japonica have been investigated by NMR, LC-ESI-MS, ESI-MS-MS, IR, GC-MS and GC-HRMS methods. They are polyunsaturated fatty acids which we identified as: 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid (OTA, C18:4ω3), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5ω3) and...
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